Spina Bifida

Spina Bifida means ‘split spine’. This split is caused by a fault in the development of the spinal cord and surrounding bones which leaves a gap or a split in the spine. The spinal cord has not been formed properly and may be damaged.

There are three main types of Spina Bifida:

• Spina Bifida Cystica (cyst – like) -  the visible signs are a sac or cyst, much like a large blister on the back, covered by a thin layer of skin. There are two forms, 1 – Myelomeningocele – this is the most serious and more common of the two forms of cystic spina bifida. The cyst not only contains tissue and cerebro- spinal fluid but also nerves and part of the spinal cord. As a result, there is always some paralysis and loss of sensation below the damaged region. Bladder and bowel problems occur in most people with myelomeningocele as the nerves come from the bottom of the spinal cord, so are always below the lesion. 2 – Meningocele – in this form, the sac contains meninges (tissues which cover the brain and spinal cord) and cerebro-spinal fluid, which bathes the central nervous system. Development of the spinal cord may be affected but impairment is usually less severe than myelomeningocele.
• Spina Bifida Occulta (hidden form) - this is a mild form of spina bifida which is very common. Estimates vary but between 5% and 10% of people may have spina bifida occulta. For the vast majority of those that are affected, having spina bifida occulta is of no consequence whatsoever. Often people only become aware that they have spina bifida occulta after having a back x ray for an unrelated problem. There can be associated problems for a small minority of those affected.
• Encephalocele – a sac is formed when the bones of the skull fail to develop. It may contain only cerebro – spinal fluid or part of the brain may also be present in the sac, resulting in brain damage.

It is not yet known what causes spina bifida but research continues.